Frame duplication forgery detection and localization based on QR decomposition and Minkowski distance

Abstract

The widespread use of multimedia editing tools has facilitated the creation of realistic video forgeries, jeopardizing the trust in video content. To address frame duplication forgery, a prevalent technique, this paper introduces a novel algorithm leveraging QR decomposition (orthogonal‐triangular decomposition) and Minkowski distance. The algorithm extracts frame features using QR decomposition and compares them with a reference frame using Minkowski distance. Candidate duplicates are identified through random block matching. We evaluate the proposed method on standard datasets (TDTVD, LASIESTA, and IVY LAB) and a self‐generated dataset. Our method achieves exceptional performance, attaining a perfect F1$$ {\mathrm{F}}_1 $$‐score for video‐level detection on both the TDTVD and our self‐generated datasets. Notably, for frame‐level detection, it achieves an average accuracy of 0.9943, precision of 0.9752, recall of 0.9858, and F1$$ {\mathrm{F}}_1 $$‐score of 0.9803 across all datasets. Our analysis demonstrates the proposed method demonstrates promising performance in detecting multiply‐duplicated frames and shows robustness against post‐processing, potentially outperforming existing approaches.